船舶氨燃料供给系统泄漏风险分析及氨气处理措施

　　

摘要：在国际海事组织严格的碳减排政策及全球航运业低碳转型的背景下，绿色替代燃料已成为现代船舶转型升级的核心方向。氨燃料因其燃烧零碳排放、能量密度较高、可再生等优势，逐步应用于船舶动力系统，成为最具潜力的替代燃料之一。但氨气自身的强腐蚀性、高生理毒性及特定浓度下的易燃易爆特性，与船舶机舱密闭、负荷动态波动、船体持续振动等特殊工况相叠加，使氨燃料供给系统易发生泄漏故障，引发人员中毒、设备腐蚀损毁、舱室燃爆及海水氨污染等安全事故。本文以船舶氨燃料供给系统为研究对象，结合系统结构与海上运行特点，全面辨识系统泄漏风险，深入解析风险成因及危害。在此基础上，从耐腐蚀材料选型、分区隔离布置、稀释通风、在线浓度监测及水喷淋吸收等维度，针对性提出从源头防控、日常运维、智能监测到应急处置的全流程安全防控措施，可为氨动力船舶的系统安全设计、应急管理及风险防控提供一定的系统性技术参考。

Abstract:Against the backdrop of stringent carbon emission reduction policies issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the low-carbon transformation of the global shipping industry, green alternative fuels have become the core driver for the transformation and upgrading of modern vessels. Ammonia fuel stands out as one of the most promising alternative fuels thanks to its advantages of zero carbon emission during combustion, high energy density and renewability, and has been gradually adopted in marine propulsion systems. Nevertheless, ammonia features strong corrosivity, high physiological toxicity, and flammability & explosiveness within specific concentration ranges. When combined with unique marine operating conditions including enclosed machinery spaces, dynamically fluctuating loads and persistent hull vibration, ammonia fuel supply systems are prone to leakage failures, which may trigger safety accidents such as personnel poisoning, equipment corrosion and damage, cabin fire and explosion, as well as ammonia pollution to seawater. Taking the marine ammonia fuel supply system as the research object, this paper comprehensively identifies system leakage risks and deeply analyzes risk causes and hazards in combination with system configuration and offshore operation characteristics. On this basis, targeted full-process safety prevention and control measures covering source control, routine operation & maintenance, intelligent monitoring and emergency response are proposed from multiple dimensions including corrosion-resistant material selection, zonal isolation layout, dilution ventilation, online concentration monitoring and water spray absorption. This research can provide systematic technical references for the safety design, emergency management and risk prevention of ammonia-fuelled vessels.

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