本文在既有框架基础上，结合近年国内外代表性综述、方法学论文与我国最新政策文件，系统梳理了新污染物的主要类型及环境行为，重点讨论了微塑料生物膜效应、高分辨质谱驱动的靶向—嫌疑筛查—非靶向分析技术演进、机器学习辅助结构解析与风险优先排序，以及源头禁限、过程减排、末端深度治理和多介质协同控制的关键技术边界。结合我国相关环境治理政策的最新进展，对当前试点实践、制度衔接与现实瓶颈进行了归纳。综述认为，未来研究的关键不在于继续增加“检出的化学物种数量”，而在于推动监测识别、毒性判别、风险排序、工程治理与制度管控之间形成可验证的闭环，并建立兼顾污染削减、能耗、二次风险和跨介质转移的综合评价体系。
关键词：新污染物，多介质风险，非靶向筛查，全链条治理
On the basis of existing frameworks, this paper systematically reviews the main types and environmental behaviors of emerging pollutants by integrating representative domestic and international reviews, methodological papers and China’s latest policy documents in recent years. It focuses on the biofilm effect of microplastics, the technological evolution of high-resolution mass spectrometry-driven targeted, suspect and non-targeted analysis, machine learning-assisted structural elucidation and risk prioritization, as well as the key technical boundaries of source prohibition and restriction, process emission reduction, advanced end-of-pipe treatment and multi-media collaborative control. Combined with the latest progress of relevant environmental governance policies in China, this paper summarizes the current pilot practices, institutional coordination and practical bottlenecks. The review concludes that the focus of future research is not to continuously increase the number of detected chemical species, but to promote the formation of a verifiable closed loop among monitoring and identification, toxicity assessment, risk ranking, engineering treatment and regulatory control, and to establish a comprehensive evaluation system that balances pollution reduction, energy consumption, secondary risks and cross-media transfer.
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